In 1964, Bell ironically proved that EPR’s argument actually led to the opposite conclusion from what EPR had originally intended to show. His findings are based on Bell’s theorem, devised by CERN theorist John Bell. The very first of these experiments was proposed and executed by Caltech alumnus John Clauser (BS ’64) in 19, respectively. Credit: University of California Graphic Arts / Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory John Clauser standing with his second quantum entanglement experiment at UC Berkeley in 1976. Indeed, China’s quantum-encrypted communications satellite, Micius, (part of the Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS) research project) relies on quantum entanglement between photons that are separated by thousands of kilometers. Furthermore, quantum mechanics has now been proven to work, not only at very short distances but also at very great distances. Experiments have since proven that entanglement is very real and fundamental to nature. Unfortunately, at the time, no experimental evidence for or against quantum entanglement of widely separated particles was available. Niels Bohr famously disputed EPR’s argument, while Schrödinger and Wendell Furry, in response to EPR, independently hypothesized that entanglement vanishes with wide-particle separation. Causality states that an effect cannot occur before its cause, and that causal signaling cannot propagate faster than light speed. Locality states that objects are only influenced by their immediate surroundings. These could be used to explain entanglement, and to restore “locality” and “causality” to the behavior of the particles.
To explain the bizarre implications of entanglement, Einstein, along with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen (EPR), argued that “hidden variables” should be added to quantum mechanics.
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